A Deep Dive into the 2013 Jeep Wrangler Sport S
Intro
The 2013 Jeep Wrangler Sport S stands out, not just as another SUV, but as a vehicle that appeals to those with a sense of adventure. This model encapsulates what many consider an ideal off-roading experience. It's the vehicle choice for countless outdoor enthusiasts, weekend warriors, and everyday drivers seeking a combination of style and function. Throughout the article, we will dive into the various features that make the Wrangler Sport S a compelling option in the ever-evolving automotive landscape.
From its striking exterior design to its capability to tackle rugged terrains, this examination covers it all. Moreover, we will explore performance metrics, safety standards, and consumer reviews, providing a holistic view for potential buyers and fans alike.
Understanding the ins and outs of this vehicle isn’t only for those planning to make a purchase. It’s also beneficial for automotive enthusiasts who appreciate the craftsmanship behind its design and function. As we break down each category, anticipate insights that clarify why the Wrangler Sport S remains a relevant choice, even amidst a constantly shifting market.
Foreword to the Jeep Wrangler Sport S
The importance of the 2013 Jeep Wrangler Sport S in today’s automobile market goes beyond mere aesthetics and performance. This SUV symbolizes a particular lifestyle, one steeped in adventure and a connection to the great outdoors. For automotive enthusiasts and potential buyers alike, diving into the Wrangler Sport S offers insight into why this vehicle has captivated hearts for nearly three decades. Its blend of ruggedness and practical utility makes it a top contender for those who desire both off-road capability and comfort.
A pivotal point of interest lies in the historical context of the Wrangler series, tracing back to its roots. Understanding its lineage provides perspective on how the Sport S has evolved to cater to both tradition-seeking adventurers and modern-day commuters.
Another important aspect is the Sport S trim itself. This version enhances the core rugged appeal of the Wrangler with added features that do not compromise its off-road prowess. By exploring these specific elements, we aim to clarify why the Sport S is not just another model in a crowded SUV marketplace, but rather a distinguished player favored by diverse drivers.
To set the stage, let’s delve deeper into the historical context of the Wrangler series.
Historical Context of the Wrangler Series
The Jeep Wrangler, first introduced in 1986, has been a beacon of American automotive culture, regularly evolving while retaining the essence of its predecessors. Its lineage harks back to the WWII military Jeep, which laid the groundwork for a vehicle that could handle difficult terrains and tough conditions. Over decades, it has shifted from a utilitarian design meant for soldiers to a beloved off-roading staple, now adorned with comfort features and modern conveniences.
This historical trajectory showcases various milestones:
- The transition from the YJ (1986-1995) to the TJ (1997-2006) introduced a more refined suspension and favorable on-road handling.
- The JK (2007-2018) marked a significant change with broader dimensions and enhanced interior space while maintaining its unmistakable rugged character.
The 2013 Wrangler Sport S stands as a product of this legacy; it encompasses not only the practicality that Jeep fans expect but also reflects the market's evolving preferences toward comfort and technology.
Overview of the Sport S Trim
The Sport S trim is crafted to elevate the standard Wrangler experience while preserving its iconic tough image. This variant comes with several features that cater to a broad range of drivers.
For those who appreciate aesthetics, the 2013 Sport S flaunts stylish additions such as alloy wheels, body-color fenders, and additional interior comforts that enhance its appeal over the base Sport trim. Key features include:
- Air conditioning: This contributes to a more comfortable driving experience during warm outings.
- Power windows and locks: The convenience these features bring cannot be overstated, especially in urban settings.
- Audio System: An improved sound system with Bluetooth connectivity is essential for modern drivers who rely on technology.
Overall, the Sport S provides an irresistible balance of adventure-readiness and everyday usability, making it suitable for both off-road escapades and daily commutes.
In summary, the 2013 Jeep Wrangler Sport S is steeped in a rich historical background while also showcasing modern features that make it an attractive option for today’s diverse drivers. As we move forward, we will take a closer look at its exterior design and performance specifications in the upcoming sections.
Exterior Design Features
The exterior design of the 2013 Jeep Wrangler Sport S plays a pivotal role in its identity as a rugged SUV. In a crowded market, where aesthetics and functionality often collide, the Wrangler stands tall, embodying a blend of classic Jeep elements with modern touches. From the very first glance, it’s clear that this vehicle is built for adventure, making it attractive not just to the off-road enthusiasts but also to everyday drivers looking for a vehicle that can handle various terrains with style.
Dimensions and Proportions
The dimensions of the Wrangler Sport S contribute greatly to its sturdy road presence. Measuring around 173.4 inches in length, it sits comfortably within the compact SUV range, yet it packs quite a punch with its broad stance. The height of approximately 70.2 inches isn’t just for show; it provides excellent ground clearance, enhancing the vehicle's off-road capabilities. A wheelbase of around 95.4 inches gives the Wrangler a solid foundation for handling various landscapes.
With these dimensions, the Wrangler exhibits a visual balance between ruggedness and agility. The width of 73.7 inches allows for stability during sharp turns while traversing rocky paths or winding roads. This thoughtful design means the Wrangler can squeeze through narrow trails while also holding its own in more open settings.
"Jeep’s philosophy is to create vehicles that embrace the outdoors, and the Wrangler Sport S certainly embodies this principle with its robust design and stature."
Color Options and Finishes
When it comes to personality, the 2013 Wrangler Sport S doesn't shy away from a vibrant palette. Jeep offers a variety of color choices, allowing owners to select a finish that truly reflects their style. From classic hues like Black and Bright White to more adventurous options such as Dune or True Blue, the color selection is as diverse as the destinations these vehicles will take.
The finishes are designed to withstand the elements, ensuring that both sun glare and mud splatters won’t diminish the exterior’s appeal. Additionally, buyers can opt for the rugged matte black finish, which doesn’t just look good but is also practical for those who venture off the beaten path regularly.
Notable Design Elements
Several design elements stand out, giving the 2013 Wrangler Sport S its distinctive character. One is the iconic seven-slot grille—an emblematic Jeep feature that hints at its rich heritage. The headlights are round, mirroring those of classic models and further enhancing the timeless aesthetic.
Another notable aspect is the removable doors and roof; this allows drivers and passengers to immerse themselves in nature while driving. The rugged fender flares not only serve practical purposes in protecting the body from debris but also amplify the vehicle’s muscular appearance.
Additionally, the taillights, while functional, offer a contemporary touch that softens the overall image without compromising its ruggedness. The combination of these design elements makes the Wrangler Sport S an unmistakable presence on the road.
Interior Comfort and Features
The importance of Interior Comfort and Features in the 2013 Jeep Wrangler Sport S cannot be overstated. As any seasoned driver knows, the cabin of a vehicle is where countless hours are spent, whether commuting through bustling cities or embarking on off-road adventures. Thus, it becomes paramount that the design, technology, and safety elements of the interior enhance the overall driving experience and cater to the needs of both the driver and passengers alike. The 2013 Wrangler Sport S not only provides a rugged build but wraps it all in a comfort-focused interior, blending functionality with convenience.
Seating and Space Configuration
Seating in the 2013 Wrangler Sport S is designed with both comfort and versatility in mind. The front seats offer adequate support and cushioning, ensuring drivers don’t experience fatigue even on extended trips. With ample headroom and legroom, occupants can enjoy a spacious feel, which is quite impressive for a compact SUV.
Interestingly, the rear seats also maintain this spacious feel, providing a comfortable ride for passengers. The seat configuration is noteworthy as it can easily adjust to accommodate various loads, whether you’re hauling camping gear or the kids’ soccer equipment. The rear seats flip and fold flat, maximizing cargo space and making it a practical choice for adventure enthusiasts.
Technology and Infotainment
When it comes to technology, the 2013 Wrangler Sport S does not fall short. The centerpiece of the infotainment system is a 6.5-inch touchscreen display which integrates seamlessly with modern smartphone features. Connecting one’s device via Bluetooth or USB is as easy as pie, giving access to music, navigation, and hands-free calling.
Furthermore, the optional premium sound system elevates the listening experience ensuring your favorite tracks resonate beautifully, even amidst the din of the great outdoors. While not overflowing with the latest gadgets, the technology is straightforward and user-friendly, allowing drivers to keep their eyes on the road rather than getting lost in overly complex setups.
Safety and Convenience Features
Safety cannot be compromised, especially in a vehicle often taken off the beaten path. The 2013 Wrangler Sport S offers numerous safety features designed to protect its occupants. Equipped with advanced airbags, a robust stability control system, and traction control, the Wrangler ensures a safer ride on both rugged trails and paved roads alike.
Convenience features such as keyless entry and a cargo area with integrated tie-down loops are small yet significant enhancements. They underline Jeep’s commitment to making the everyday use of the Wrangler as hassle-free as can be.
"The 2013 Jeep Wrangler Sport S provides a harmonious balance between rugged design and essential comfort features, ensuring a well-rounded driving experience."
In summary, the interior comfort and features of the 2013 Jeep Wrangler Sport S not only enhance driving pleasure but also emphasize practicality and safety, allowing drivers to embrace both adventure and everyday drives with ease.
Engine and Performance Specifications
When it comes to the 2013 Jeep Wrangler Sport S, the engine and performance specifications are pivotal. This section is not just about raw power; it’s about understanding how those specifications translate into real-world driving experiences. From daily commutes through bustling urban centers to adventurous off-road excursions, how the vehicle performs under different conditions is essential for any prospective buyer. The Wrangler Sport S makes a name for itself not only because of its rugged appearance but also due to its capability and drivability.
Engine Options and Fuel Efficiency
The 2013 Wrangler Sport S boasts robust engine choices, primarily featuring a 3.6-liter V6 engine that delivers a hearty 285 horsepower and 260 lb-ft of torque. This engine is paired with a five-speed automatic transmission, although a six-speed manual is also an option for those who prefer a more hands-on experience.
- Fuel Efficiency: In terms of fuel consumption, the Wrangler may not be the class leader, but it's decent considering its off-road capabilities. The automatic version averages around 17 miles per gallon in the city and 21 on the highway.
- Engine Flexibility: This engine setup allows the Jeep to have a smooth transition from highway cruising to tackling rugged environments. For those who value efficiency alongside capability, it’s worth noting that the figures aren't as optimal as some compact SUVs, yet the trade-off for the Wrangler’s strong performance off the beaten path can be seen as worth it.
Transmission and Drivetrain Details
Diving deeper into the transmission and drivetrain, it’s evident why this vehicle is a favorite among adventurers. The standard setup on the Sport S includes part-time four-wheel drive, which can be engaged when necessary—offering great adaptability for various terrains. When it comes to the transmission, opting for the five-speed automatic enhances ride quality and allows for seamless shifts, making it easier for drivers of all experience levels.
- Manual Option Advantages: The manual transmission gives off-road enthusiasts more control, letting them dictate power more directly during demanding conditions. This can make a difference when navigating tricky trails.
- Drivetrain Robustness: Many users praise the Sagging Outfits, the drivetrain's durability in several scenarios. The Jeep exudes confidence, whether you’re traversing over rocky landscapes or mud-laden trails.
Off-Road Capabilities
Off-road capabilities play a significant role in what makes the Wrangler Sport S stand out among its competitors. The vehicle is designed with a suspension system that enhances its ability to conquer tough landscapes.
- Ground Clearance: The Jeep provides a commendable ground clearance of 10.2 inches, which helps navigate over large obstacles effortlessly.
- Approach and Departure Angles: Boasting impressive approach and departure angles at 42.2 degrees and 32.3 degrees respectively, it helps in steep incline/declines without fret.
- Mud and Snow Driving: Many users have reported positive experiences driving through mud and snowy conditions, corroborating the Wrangler’s capability for unpredictability.
"Whether you are heading to the mountains or just want to explore unexpected trails, the Wrangler Sport S gets you there with confidence."
Driving Experience
The driving experience encapsulates more than just the vehicle's performance metrics; it reflects how one interacts with the 2013 Jeep Wrangler Sport S under various circumstances. As the link between the driver and the road— or lack thereof— this aspect is pivotal. Understanding the driving experience is essential for potential buyers who aspire to tackle both rugged terrains and everyday commutes, and it reveals the true character of this vehicle beyond its specifications.
Handling and Stability on Various Terrains
Handling and stability during a drive are crucial for any SUV, especially one like the Wrangler Sport S, which is designed with adventure in mind. The vehicle's high ground clearance and solid axles play a significant role in its capability to navigate uneven surfaces smoothly. When cruising through rocky paths or muddy trails, the Wrangler provides a confident feel, giving the driver a sense of control that is indispensable in tough conditions.
- Traction: Equipped with quality tires and a four-wheel-drive system, the Wrangler maintains excellent traction. Drivers often note the increased grip on slippery or uneven ground, making it a reliable option in adverse weather.
- Responsive Steering: The steering offers a direct feel, which is a plus when making sharp turns or maneuvering through obstacles. This responsiveness contributes to a more engaging driving experience, allowing both seasoned off-roaders and novices to feel in tune with the vehicle.
"The Wrangler Sport S stays true to its heritage, handling rough terrain with an ease that's almost surprising for a stock vehicle."
— Jeep Enthusiast Review
This unique blend of handling and stability equips the Wrangler Sport S as a capable partner for exploring the great outdoors while providing security and comfort for on-road trips.
Noise Levels and Ride Comfort
When it comes to ride comfort, the 2013 Jeep Wrangler Sport S balances its rugged nature with some degree of refinement. Off-road vehicles often sacrifice comfort for durability; however, the Wrangler does a decent job at melding both.
In terms of noise levels, the Wrangler naturally has some wind and tire noise, particularly at higher speeds. Here’s what to expect:
- Engine Sound: The engine adds a muscular growl that many enthusiasts admire, though it can become monotonous on long journeys. Still, it instills a sense of power that complements its off-road capabilities.
- Interior Comfort: For a vehicle that excels in rugged terrains, the seating position and space are surprisingly accommodating. The seats are supportive, which becomes notable during extended drives, particularly for larger individuals.
Despite its off-road prowess, some drivers might find the interior a tad less insulated compared to more urban-focused SUVs. Nonetheless, many owners seem to embrace this trait, as it enhances the connection to the vehicle and the environment.
In sum, what the 2013 Jeep Wrangler Sport S lacks in absolute quiet, it makes up for in character. Knowing what to expect can significantly enhance the overall driving experience, encouraging an exploration spirit without being oblivious to comfort.
Consumer Reception and Market Position
The consumer reception and market position of the 2013 Jeep Wrangler Sport S are critical in understanding why this vehicle stands the test of time among off-road enthusiasts. This segment digs into the favorable reviews, ratings from the automotive press, and the experiences of everyday drivers. All of these factors contribute significantly to how the Wrangler Sport S is perceived in the crowded SUV landscape, making it a pivotal area of discussion in this article.
Expert Reviews and Ratings
When it comes to expert assessments, the 2013 Jeep Wrangler Sport S holds its ground. Automotive critics are often split between praising its rugged capability and critiquing its somewhat subpar on-road performance.
Several specialized automotive websites have showered praise on its off-road prowess. For example, Edmunds highlights that the Sport S model features a robust suspension and superior ground clearance, which allow it to tackle almost any terrain with ease. Furthermore, MotorTrend notes that the classic Jeep styling coupled with modern conveniences gives it a unique appeal that resonates with many off-road aficionados.
Here are some ratings based on experts' reviews:
- Edmunds: 4.5/5 for off-road capability.
- Car and Driver: 4/5 noting design and ruggedness.
- AutoWeek: 3.5/5 for fuel economy and driving comfort.
While experts often point out that the Wrangler can be a little unwieldy on the highway, they still appreciate its overall aesthetic and climatic compliance. This dichotomy emphasizes the need for a potential buyer to weigh whether off-road competence is more valuable than on-road comfort.
Owner Feedback and Experiences
Turning to the owner experiences, it’s clear that those who buy the 2013 Jeep Wrangler Sport S typically become staunch advocates for the brand. Many Jeep owners describe a sense of community and camaraderie, which is notable among those who take their vehicles off the beaten path.
On platforms like Reddit and Facebook, Jeep owners share their stories and modifications, giving prospective buyers insights that go beyond mere specifications. Many emphasize the vehicle's durability, with several owners reporting it has traversed rugged environments without a hitch, something they attribute to its strong build.
Common feedback points include:
- Durability: Owners frequently commend the Wrangler's ability to withstand tough conditions and accidental bumps.
- Customization: A key point for many buyers is that the Jeep allows a high degree of customization options, providing a sense of personal touch.
- Community: Owners often speak fondly of the Jeep community, finding a network of fellow enthusiasts eager to share tips and experiences.
"Owning a Jeep is not just about having a vehicle; it’s like joining a fraternity of durability and adventure. I've made lifelong friends through Jeep meet-ups!" - A passionate Jeep owner.
This strong connection and enthusiastic consumer loyalty further solidify the 2013 Wrangler Sport S's place in the market. It’s a vehicle that offers not just transportation, but a lifestyle that resonates well with its dedicated fan base.
Comparison with Competitors
In the fiercely competitive world of SUVs, a model's differentiation is crucial for drawing attention and sales. The 2013 Jeep Wrangler Sport S stands in a league of its own due to its unique blend of rugged capability and everyday practicality. This section will dissect how the Wrangler Sport S stacks up against its rivals in the market. By examining the strengths and weaknesses of the Jeep in comparison to its contemporaries, potential buyers can gain valuable insights into what sets this vehicle apart.
Key Competitors in the SUV Market
The competitive landscape for the 2013 Jeep Wrangler Sport S is populated by several notable vehicles. Understanding these competitors helps to contextualize the Wrangler’s strengths. Some of the key models in this space include:
- Ford Bronco: A recently revived classic, this model aims to attract adventure enthusiasts with an equally tough persona.
- Toyota 4Runner: Known for its reliability and off-road capabilities, the 4Runner is a long-time favorite among outdoor lovers.
- Chevrolet Tahoe: Though larger and more family-oriented, the Tahoe offers impressive off-road features, appealing to those who want both comfort and capability.
- Nissan Xterra: Another rugged option, the Xterra was made for off-road exploits and offers a more compact design.
These models, while undeniably strong contenders, each bring their own flavor to the SUV segment. The Ford Bronco, for instance, shares a similar rugged aesthetic, while the Toyota 4Runner leans heavily on reliability.
Strengths Against Competitors
The 2013 Jeep Wrangler Sport S boasts several advantages over its competition that have contributed to its lasting appeal:
- Exceptional Off-Road Performance: The Wrangler is widely recognized for its off-road prowess. Its high ground clearance, robust axles, and advanced four-wheel drive system enable adventurous outings that are hard to match by other SUVs.
- Iconic Design: With its unmistakable boxy silhouette and removable roof, the Wrangler Sport S cultivates a strong identity that appeals to buyers seeking a cult-classic vibe.
- Customization Options: One of the hallmark traits of the Wrangler series is the extensive range of aftermarket modifications available. Owners can personalize their vehicles extensively, turning their SUVs into true reflections of their personality—a feature that few competitors can boast.
- Strong Resale Value: The Wrangler has a reputation for maintaining its resale value quite well in comparison to many of its peers. This aspect might be particularly appealing to buyers concerned about long-term investment.
In summary, the 2013 Jeep Wrangler Sport S not only competes effectively in the SUV arena but also excels due to its distinct character, capable performance, and promising resale potential.
In attempting to assess these competitors, prospective buyers will find that their needs might align more closely with what the Wrangler offers, especially if they’re looking for a vehicle that thrives both on and off the beaten path.
The analysis of these factors paints a clearer picture for those exploring options in the SUV market, ultimately guiding their purchasing decisions effectively.
Cost of Ownership
When considering the purchase of a vehicle, one can't overlook the concept of cost of ownership. It's not just about the sticker price anymore; the financial implications ripple through various aspects of owning a car like the 2013 Jeep Wrangler Sport S. Understanding cost of ownership encompasses the initial purchase price, financing options, maintenance and repair expenses, and even how insurance and resale value play their part. Each of these elements intricately weaves into the larger tapestry of auto ownership, impacting long-term satisfaction and financial well-being.
Purchase Price and Financing Options
The purchase price of the 2013 Jeep Wrangler Sport S plays a key role in the overall ownership experience. As of its release, this model comes at a competitive base price, attracting off-road enthusiasts and daily drivers alike.
The market value may vary based on factors such as overall condition, mileage, and additional features that can sweeten the deal, like off-road packages or upgraded infotainment systems. When you dive into financing, it’s essential to explore various lenders and loan structures. Buyers can choose from options like leasing versus buying, each with distinct advantages.
Leasing can often result in lower monthly payments and the ability to drive a new vehicle every few years. However, one might find that it limits the off-road freedom one desires in a Wrangler. Buying, on the other hand, usually means higher monthly payments but culminates in ownership, leading to potential earnings when the vehicle is sold later. Finding the best financing can change the game entirely.
Maintenance and Repair Costs
Owning a Jeep Wrangler Sport S also involves some careful budgeting for maintenance and repair costs. Known for its robust design, the Wrangler often demands a bit more than your average sedan when it comes to upkeep. Regular maintenance, including oil changes, tire rotations, and brake inspections, adds up over time but is crucial for long-term reliability.
If adventurous trails are in your plans, it's good to keep in mind that the Wrangler is designed for tough terrains. It may require more frequent inspections and occasional repairs to components like the suspension and drivetrain compared to more traditional SUVs. The key takeaway here is to factor in these potential expenses when assessing the wants and needs of ownership.
Insurance and Resale Value
Insurance plays another significant role in the cost of ownership equation. Typically, the Jeep Wrangler, with its adventurous pedigree, can attract higher insurance premiums. Ensure to shop around for policies and understand the coverage options available; comprehensive and collision coverage is highly recommended, especially for a vehicle used for off-roading.
When it comes to resale value, the Wrangler tends to hold its worth more effectively than many competitors in the SUV segment. This is largely due to its legendary status and the loyal following within automotive circles. A well-maintained Wrangler Sport S can command a strong resale price compared to others in its class. For prospective buyers who value long-term investment, this is a major appeal. Ultimately, understanding and estimating these costs can allow potential owners to make informed decisions, ensuring that their investment in the 2013 Jeep Wrangler Sport S remains worthwhile in the years ahead.
"Owning a Jeep is more than just about driving; it's about the experiences, the adventures, and ultimately, the investment in a lifestyle."
Ending and Future Outlook
The 2013 Jeep Wrangler Sport S stands as a notable vehicle in the realm of rugged cars, symbolizing the blend of practicality and adventure that many drivers seek. Its unique blend of features, performance abilities, and robust design have earned it a place in the hearts of automotive enthusiasts and everyday drivers alike. This section highlights the significance of what was discussed throughout the article while also casting an eye towards what the future may hold for the Wrangler line.
The summary of key points illustrates the strengths of the Jeep Wrangler Sport S. Its performance in off-roading scenarios, combined with modern comfort and safety features, makes it a compelling choice for various demographics, particularly for those off the beaten path. Enthusiasts resonate with the Wrangler's storied legacy, which adds layers of desirability for both casual jaunts and serious off-roading. Additionally, the competitive pricing and decent resale value add to its allure as a sensible investment.
Summary of Key Points
- Rugged Design: The exterior aesthetics boast both functionality and style, appealing to adventure seekers.
- Performance and Capabilities: Engine options and off-road prowess suit a variety of terrains, ensuring an exhilarating driving experience.
- Interior Comfort: Though it’s designed for durability, the interior doesn’t skimp on comfort or technology, making both short and long drives enjoyable.
- Safety Ratings: Equipped with numerous safety features that underline Jeep's commitment to driver and passenger security.
- Market Position: Positioned well against its competitors, representing a value-driven choice for drivers who prioritize capability and heritage.
"The Wrangler's military roots inspire a sense of adventure, setting it apart in the SUV landscape."
Potential for New Developments in Future Models
Looking ahead, it's worthwhile to consider how Jeep might enhance the Wrangler's appeal in upcoming models. With the automotive landscape evolving rapidly, new technologies and consumer preferences play a significant role in the design and function of vehicles. Future iterations of the Wrangler may well include:
- Advanced Hybrid or Electric Powertrains: As society shifts towards sustainability, an electric Wrangler could carve out a new niche while retaining its off-road capabilities.
- Enhanced Infotainment Systems: Through the use of new technology, future models might feature intuitive systems that prioritize driver connectivity and safety.
- Adaptive Ride Technologies: Innovations in suspension and tire technologies could further amplify off-road performance without sacrificing the on-road comfort Wrangler owners have come to expect.
- Customization Options: Given the Wrangler's reputation for personalization, expect an expanded array of aftermarket parts and factory options to cater to diverse tastes and uses.
Overall, the future of Jeep Wrangler models seems poised for exciting developments. Staying true to its adventurous roots, while embracing the needs of modern drivers, could very well strike a balance that captivates both long-time fans and new audiences.
In summary, while the 2013 Jeep Wrangler Sport S offers a compelling snapshot of the capabilities and features this vehicle can deliver, it sets the stage for adaptive innovations that reflect changing lifestyles as well as technological advancements.
